{"id":3815,"date":"2020-06-22T15:01:03","date_gmt":"2020-06-22T07:01:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.350.org\/philippines\/?p=3815"},"modified":"2020-06-22T15:19:54","modified_gmt":"2020-06-22T07:19:54","slug":"sci-hub-and-the-esso-atlantic-why-science-must-be-more-democratic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.350.org\/philippines\/sci-hub-and-the-esso-atlantic-why-science-must-be-more-democratic\/","title":{"rendered":"Sci-Hub and the Esso Atlantic: Why science must be more democratic"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rio Constantino<\/strong><\/p>\n

In a world where most academic references are far too expensive for most people to purchase, a reliable, if shady, source comes in the form of a website called Sci-Hub. Founded in 2011 by Kazakhstani computer engineer Alexandra Elkbayan, what Sci-Hub does is technically theft. It lets users download paid papers for free. For example, the abstract, or summary, of a technical paper in the IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, written in academia\u2019s signature dry style by scientists affiliated with American oil and gas giant Exxon, reads:<\/p>\n

\u201cThis paper describes a system designed to acquire atmospheric and surface-ocean CO2 data essential to the scientific study of air-sea CO2 exchange, atmospheric CO2 growth, and their variabilities. Highlighted is a computer-based measurement system installed aboard an oil tanker whose route traverses several oceans.\u201d<\/p>\n

The rest of the article, published 1982 with the title \u201cExxon Global CO2 Measurement System\u201d, lies locked behind a $33 paywall.<\/p>\n

Almost all scientific research today is published in periodicals called journals. Most of these specialize in a specific field, like the various publications of the Institute of Electrical and Electronical Engineers, or IEEE, who released the paper above.<\/p>\n

Journals are so key to the structure of science that, often, a scientist\u2019s career depends on them. Get enough of your findings published in a journal, and you might get promoted. Otherwise, you languish at your post, or worse, get sacked. Research that doesn\u2019t get published might as well not exist. It\u2019s a \u201cpublish or perish\u201d world.<\/p>\n

Scientific publishing is thus big business, with research papers a highly profitable commodity. Individual papers can be bought online for exorbitant prices, such as $33. Academic institutions regularly subscribe to multiple journals according to the needs of their students and staff. These subscriptions can take up millions of dollars in a yearly budget. In 2012, Harvard Library announced its exasperation with rising subscription costs, which had cost it around $3.5 million that year alone. That same year, Elsevier, one of the biggest publishers in the business, with hundreds of journals under its name, posted an operating profit of $780 million.<\/p>\n

If you\u2019re neither rich nor part of academia, you have a few options. You can contact the authors themselves for a copy of their paper. But, while scientists are generally happy enough to share their work, they\u2019re not exactly the best when it comes to checking their inbox. From experience, a reply to your request will likely take months, if at all.<\/p>\n

Or, you can use Sci-Hub, which has a repository of millions of research papers, lifted from the databases of nearly every major publisher in the world, accessible to anyone with internet access, illegally, for free.<\/p>\n

The opening sentences of \u201cExxon Global CO2 Measurement System\u201d reads:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cMANY SCIENTISTS have expressed concern over the recent observed growth of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). As a result of this concern, the Exxon Research and Engineering Company, in cooperation with the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, has begun a major program to study atmospheric CO2 growth, ocean-atmospheric CO2 exchange, and their seasonal and annual variabilities.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

As recorded by internal memos, meeting presentations, and other documents published by the Los Angeles Times and Inside Climate News, Exxon\u2019s scientists had already told company leaders about the dangers of climate change decades ago. In 1977, scientist James F. Black warned Exxon executives of the potential dangers of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. Concerned, in 1979 the company outfitted the oil tanker Esso Atlantic with sophisticated mechanisms to monitor CO2 levels in the air and ocean. Three years of plying the ocean between the Gulf of Mexico and the Persian Gulf yielded the 1982 paper quoted above.<\/p>\n

The work bore fruit. Company researchers began telling their managers the prevailing scientific consensus was right: continued CO2 emissions from fossils fuels would lead to catastrophic global warming throughout the 21st century.<\/p>\n

Exxon\u2019s response? To publicly discredit its own research, while privately using their findings to inform company strategy.<\/p>\n

In the late 1980\u2019s, alarmed that policies to curb CO2 emissions might end fossil fuel use faster than climate change would, Exxon defunded their climate research program. The company published frontpage advertisements in the New York Times deriding the research they once supported. Between 1998 and 2005, Exxon spent around $16 million to support climate denialism groups; executives regularly emphasized the uncertainties of climate change, rather than the overwhelming scientific consensus it was already happening. As former CEO Rex Tillerson put it, in a recent oil industry summit covered by Bloomberg News, \u201c With respect to our ability to influence it [the climate], I think that\u2019s still an open question.\u201d Tillerson also served as Secretary of State for Trump\u2019s United States.<\/p>\n

Yet funnily enough, in 1994, as Exxon launched its misinformation campaign, plans for the Europipe, a natural gas pipeline jointly owned by Exxon and other fossil fuel companies, were being modified to accommodate the more frequent storms of a warming world.<\/p>\n

Today, science performs a critical public service. The reports of the IPCC serve as important touchstones for top policymakers and concerned high schoolers alike. To communicate effectively, climate activists need a firm grasp of the physics behind global warming. Journalists are needed now more than ever, both to sift through jargon, and expose the inevitable layers of misdirection and deceit.<\/p>\n

At the same time, science is also the realm of copyright and private interest. I\u2019m lucky enough to be a student of the University of the Philippines, and have library access to the publications of the IEEE. Others don\u2019t. Few other examples can illustrate the consequences of a contradiction between science as a public service, on the one hand, and as the domain of corporate enterprise, on the other, than Exxon\u2019s continuing efforts to undermine the science behind climate change.<\/p>\n

Some of Sci-Hub\u2019s critics accuse it of piracy and theft, and leave it that. Others dismiss the problem, saying only full-time researchers are interested in scientific journals anyway. Both arguments fall short of the point. For all Sci-Hub\u2019s illegality, the 28 million documents downloaded from the site, between September 2015 and March 2016, indicate that something about the structure of scientific publishing today is throttling the flow of ideas, and restricting the latest research to a selected portion of the academe.<\/p>\n

Would it be a stretch to accuse scientific publishers, as a whole, of misinformation on the scale of the fossil fuel industry? Yes. But what\u2019s common between the two is the concentration of power and influence into the hands of a few for-profit entities, almost all American or European, at the expense of democratic practice. Exxon and other fossil fuel companies act to preserve their own interests, and the rest of the world continues to pay for it.<\/p>\n

And if, as charged, only scientists read science, why so? Is such a situation sustainable, or even ethical? Why is the language of science predominantly English, and its history primarily Western in orientation and focus?<\/p>\n

Confronting climate change requires an organized citizenry that values science as a method to test reality; it also means being conscious of science\u2019s history in service to both the common good and an ignorant elite. Both are needed steps to reclaim our collective fate from the hands of a selfish few.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Confronting climate change requires an organized citizenry that values science as a method to test reality; it also means being conscious of science\u2019s history in service to both the common good and an ignorant elite. Both are needed steps to reclaim our collective fate from the hands of a selfish few.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":293,"featured_media":3816,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSci-Hub and the Esso Atlantic: Why science must be more democratic | 350 Pilipinas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.350.org\/philippines\/sci-hub-and-the-esso-atlantic-why-science-must-be-more-democratic\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sci-Hub and the Esso Atlantic: Why science must be more democratic | 350 Pilipinas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Confronting climate change requires an organized citizenry that values science as a method to test reality; it also means being conscious of science\u2019s history in service to both the common good and an ignorant elite. 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